Policy-relevant questions

Representativeness disclaimer

These analyses are based on responses collected from 7427 caregivers between the dates of April 06, 2020 and October 22, 2020. These caregivers represent a range of voices: 9.26% are Black/African American, 18.90% are LatinX, and 29.10% live at or below 1.5 times the federal poverty line. Proportions/percentages are calculated based on the item-level response rates, not out of the total sample size. The data for these analyses are not weighted.

Economic Stability

Receiving public benefits

Are you receiving any sort of public or employment benefits? ex. Federal cash assistance programs such as the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), Social Security Income (SSI). OR, Federal-in kind benefit programs such as Medicaid, Food Stamps and Housing.

Options:

• Yes \((N = 1924)\)
• No \((N = 4404)\)
• Didn’t Qualify \((N = 897)\)
• Intend to apply \((N = 183)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	0.00	.959
Intend to apply	0.55	.458
No	4.14	.042
Yes	3.68	.055

West

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	0.04	.836
Intend to apply	0.05	.825
No	3.12	.078
Yes	2.83	.093

Northeast

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	0.67	.413
Intend to apply	1.99	.158
No	0.36	.547
Yes	0.62	.433

Midwest

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	0.30	.584
Intend to apply	0.37	.544
No	0.00	.955
Yes	0.07	.798

Black/African American

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	2.78	.095
Intend to apply	16.01	< .001
No	31.35	< .001
Yes	37.16	< .001

LatinX

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	0.01	.929
Intend to apply	0.16	.692
No	6.38	.012
Yes	6.53	.011

Low income

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	23.58	< .001
Intend to apply	16.08	< .001
No	669.63	< .001
Yes	974.92	< .001

Income by Employment

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	26.61	< .001
Intend to apply	18.53	< .001
No	780.80	< .001
Yes	1086.78	< .001

Income by Black/African American

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	24.79	< .001
Intend to apply	28.94	< .001
No	678.16	< .001
Yes	981.11	< .001

Income by Latinx

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	26.89	< .001
Intend to apply	17.52	.001
No	678.50	< .001
Yes	989.82	< .001

Income by South

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	26.89	< .001
Intend to apply	17.52	.001
No	678.50	< .001
Yes	989.82	< .001

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Didn’t Qualify - Intend to apply	-3.50	-7.45	0.45	.305
Didn’t Qualify - No	5.08	3.29	6.86	< .001
Didn’t Qualify - Yes	-3.42	-5.39	-1.45	.004
Intend to apply - No	8.58	4.90	12.26	< .001
Intend to apply - Yes	0.08	-3.68	3.85	> .999
No - Yes	-8.49	-9.83	-7.16	< .001

Which public benefits

What types of benefits are you receiving? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

• Health/Medical \((N = 993)\)
• Food \((N = 1307)\)
• Income (not icluding federal stimulus checks) \((N = 382)\)
• Disability (not military) \((N = 166)\)
• Military Pension \((N = 2)\)
• Military Disability \((N = )\)
• Military Medical Care \((N = 3)\)
• Military (any benefit, including pension, disability, etc) \((N = 30)\)
• Housing Subsidy \((N = 125)\)
• Child Care Subsidy \((N = 55)\)
• Other \((N = 19)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key	statistic	p.value
Health	0.09	.764
Food	7.43	.006
Income	0.71	.400
Disability	0.19	.663
Military pension	1.42	.233
Military disability	0.00	> .999
Military medical	0.44	.508
Military	0.01	.918
Housing	0.80	.370
Childcare	0.04	.849
Other	0.00	.953

West

key	statistic	p.value
Health	0.00	> .999
Food	2.59	.107
Income	1.40	.236
Disability	5.17	.023
Military pension	0.00	.974
Military disability	0.27	.601
Military medical	0.90	.344
Military	3.30	.069
Housing	0.00	.963
Childcare	3.22	.073
Other	0.00	> .999

Northeast

key	statistic	p.value
Health	4.46	.035
Food	0.05	.831
Income	9.15	.002
Disability	1.90	.169
Military pension	0.00	> .999
Military disability	0.03	.859
Military medical	0.00	> .999
Military	0.22	.638
Housing	0.99	.321
Childcare	2.05	.153
Other	0.10	.758

Midwest

key	statistic	p.value
Health	2.16	.142
Food	1.31	.253
Income	8.31	.004
Disability	0.25	.619
Military pension	0.00	> .999
Military disability	0.00	> .999
Military medical	0.00	> .999
Military	0.84	.360
Housing	0.00	> .999
Childcare	0.71	.399
Other	0.33	.566

Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Health	3.84	.050
Food	43.32	< .001
Income	4.99	.025
Disability	6.20	.013
Military pension	0.59	.444
Military disability	0.00	> .999
Military medical	0.00	> .999
Military	1.17	.280
Housing	0.43	.512
Childcare	8.88	.003
Other	0.04	.834

LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Health	2.65	.103
Food	9.06	.003
Income	0.03	.860
Disability	0.57	.452
Military pension	0.05	.830
Military disability	0.88	.347
Military medical	0.01	.916
Military	0.69	.405
Housing	0.90	.342
Childcare	1.05	.305
Other	1.34	.246

Low income

key	statistic	p.value
Health	448.09	< .001
Food	982.56	< .001
Income	107.13	< .001
Disability	111.45	< .001
Military disability	0.06	.803
Military medical	0.06	.803
Military	1.40	.237
Housing	19.86	< .001
Childcare	25.83	< .001
Other	4.61	.032

Income by Employment

key	statistic	p.value
Health	487.69	< .001
Food	1084.24	< .001
Income	215.08	< .001
Disability	133.35	< .001
Military disability	1.54	.673
Military medical	1.54	.673
Military	3.85	.278
Housing	25.45	< .001
Childcare	33.28	< .001
Other	7.99	.046

Income by Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Health	451.44	< .001
Food	989.87	< .001
Income	108.34	< .001
Disability	121.33	< .001
Military disability	1.23	.746
Military medical	1.23	.746
Military	4.41	.220
Housing	23.68	< .001
Childcare	30.65	< .001
Other	6.18	.103

Income by LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Health	468.81	< .001
Food	994.06	< .001
Income	108.63	< .001
Disability	124.18	< .001
Military disability	16.37	.001
Military medical	1.59	.662
Military	5.39	.146
Housing	26.96	< .001
Childcare	33.78	< .001
Other	11.09	.011

Income by South

key	statistic	p.value
Health	452.68	< .001
Food	971.60	< .001
Income	111.82	< .001
Disability	112.48	< .001
Military disability	2.46	.483
Military medical	2.46	.483
Military	1.89	.596
Housing	24.92	< .001
Childcare	27.67	< .001
Other	6.03	.110

Related to well-being

Receiving federal stimulus check

Have you received a federal stimulus check this year? (Also known as an economic impact payment) (Note: Weeks 3-8 separate this into two questions, one that asks whether participants have received a check (Yes, No, Unsure, Other) and another that asks if they expect to receive one, only presented if they respond “No” to the prior question. These were combined for the present analyses.)

Options:

• Yes, I have received a federal stimulus check \((N = 3305)\)
• No, but I expect to receive a federal stimulus check in the near future \((N = 217)\)
• No, and I DO NOT expect to receive a federal stimulus check \((N = 366)\)
• Unsure if I will receive a federal stimulus check \((N = 111)\)
• Other \((N = 54)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	0.51	.476
No, not expected	0.02	.897
Other	0.00	> .999
Unsure	0.01	.910
Yes	0.39	.535

West

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	0.22	.635
No, not expected	14.39	< .001
Other	0.08	.773
Unsure	1.22	.269
Yes	10.43	.001

Northeast

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	0.01	.908
No, not expected	2.22	.136
Other	0.27	.602
Unsure	0.39	.534
Yes	2.35	.125

Midwest

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	0.17	.684
No, not expected	8.27	.004
Other	0.00	> .999
Unsure	0.58	.446
Yes	7.84	.005

Black/African American

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	11.34	.001
No, not expected	1.03	.309
Other	0.00	> .999
Unsure	10.21	.001
Yes	5.40	.020

LatinX

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	0.00	> .999
No, not expected	8.41	.004
Other	0.49	.483
Unsure	2.56	.110
Yes	10.02	.002

Low income

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	0.62	.430
No, not expected	0.27	.606
Other	25.15	< .001
Unsure	11.84	.001
Yes	8.03	.005

Income by Employment

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	1.84	.607
No, not expected	0.95	.813
Other	28.33	< .001
Unsure	19.42	< .001
Yes	9.55	.023

Income by Black/African American

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	16.55	.001
No, not expected	2.52	.471
Other	26.86	< .001
Unsure	22.89	< .001
Yes	15.74	.001

Income by Latinx

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	1.49	.684
No, not expected	9.34	.025
Other	30.69	< .001
Unsure	13.53	.004
Yes	17.31	.001

Income by South

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	1.49	.684
No, not expected	9.34	.025
Other	30.69	< .001
Unsure	13.53	.004
Yes	17.31	.001

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
No, expected - No, not expected	0.54	-3.71	4.79	.999
No, expected - Other	-2.97	-10.51	4.57	.939
No, expected - Unsure	3.39	-2.39	9.18	.780
No, expected - Yes	0.49	-2.98	3.97	.999
No, not expected - Other	-3.51	-10.74	3.72	.876
No, not expected - Unsure	2.85	-2.52	8.23	.837
No, not expected - Yes	-0.05	-2.78	2.68	> .999
Other - Unsure	6.36	-1.87	14.59	.552
Other - Yes	3.46	-3.34	10.27	.857
Unsure - Yes	-2.90	-7.69	1.89	.758

Family Income

Which of the following best describes what has happened to your family income during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic? (Note that in weeks 1-6 and 10-12, there were 5 response options, including decreased very much, decreased somewhat, etc). These were collapsed to allow for assessment across all weeks

Options:

• Has decreased \((N = 3257)\)
• Has stayed the same \((N = 3190)\)
• Has increased \((N = 940)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	4.70	.030
Increased	12.60	< .001
Stayed the same	0.04	.844

West

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	1.05	.306
Increased	0.61	.434
Stayed the same	2.50	.114

Northeast

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	4.32	.038
Increased	2.36	.124
Stayed the same	1.03	.310

Midwest

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	2.93	.087
Increased	3.16	.075
Stayed the same	0.24	.625

Black/African American

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	10.19	.001
Increased	1.13	.288
Stayed the same	5.96	.015

LatinX

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	42.04	< .001
Increased	2.88	.089
Stayed the same	28.32	< .001

Low income

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	105.64	< .001
Increased	1.97	.161
Stayed the same	128.55	< .001

Income by Employment

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	218.88	< .001
Increased	10.92	.012
Stayed the same	197.45	< .001

Income by Black/African American

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	103.84	< .001
Increased	5.00	.172
Stayed the same	117.13	< .001

Income by Latinx

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	119.43	< .001
Increased	2.29	.515
Stayed the same	131.90	< .001

Income by South

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	119.43	< .001
Increased	2.29	.515
Stayed the same	131.90	< .001

Related to caregiver well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Decreased - Increased	6.10	4.30	7.90	< .001
Decreased - Stayed the same	8.42	7.21	9.63	< .001
Increased - Stayed the same	2.32	0.52	4.13	.031

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Decreased	-6.16	-8.96	-3.35	< .001
Stayed the same	-4.67	-7.75	-1.60	.006
Increased	-7.68	-13.46	-1.90	.009

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Decreased	-2.94	-5.01	-0.86	.017
Stayed the same	0.77	-1.54	3.08	> .999
Increased	-0.55	-4.83	3.73	> .999

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Decreased	6.20	4.36	8.04	< .001
Stayed the same	4.12	2.05	6.18	< .001
Increased	7.46	3.90	11.01	< .001

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Decreased	10.08	6.51	13.65	< .001
Stayed the same	13.48	9.61	17.35	< .001
Increased	12.98	6.98	18.97	< .001

Related to child well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Decreased - Increased	0.97	-1.13	3.08	.638
Decreased - Stayed the same	5.11	3.69	6.53	< .001
Increased - Stayed the same	4.14	2.03	6.25	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Decreased	-5.98	-9.29	-2.67	.001
Stayed the same	-5.11	-8.71	-1.51	.011
Increased	-4.27	-10.77	2.24	.199

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Decreased	-0.95	-3.41	1.50	.893
Stayed the same	2.93	0.22	5.64	.102
Increased	1.86	-2.96	6.68	.893

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Decreased	3.70	1.49	5.90	.001
Stayed the same	4.60	2.19	7.01	< .001
Increased	8.78	4.78	12.77	< .001

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Decreased	15.21	11.01	19.42	< .001
Stayed the same	19.17	14.66	23.68	< .001
Increased	16.75	10.04	23.46	< .001

Related to family well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Decreased - Increased	3.53	1.88	5.18	< .001
Decreased - Stayed the same	6.76	5.65	7.88	< .001
Increased - Stayed the same	3.24	1.59	4.89	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Decreased	-6.08	-8.65	-3.52	< .001
Stayed the same	-4.95	-7.78	-2.12	.001
Increased	-5.98	-11.16	-0.80	.024

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Decreased	-1.90	-3.80	0.00	.150
Stayed the same	1.86	-0.28	3.99	.177
Increased	0.68	-3.15	4.51	.727

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Decreased	4.94	3.25	6.64	< .001
Stayed the same	4.33	2.43	6.23	< .001
Increased	8.12	4.96	11.29	< .001

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Decreased	12.63	9.37	15.88	< .001
Stayed the same	16.33	12.78	19.88	< .001
Increased	14.86	9.53	20.19	< .001

Family Financial Status

Which of the following best describes your family financially at this time?

Options:

• No problems \((N = 2139)\)
• Minor problems \((N = 3779)\)
• Major problems \((N = 1144)\)
• Extreme problems \((N = 358)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	21.54	< .001
Minor	0.56	.456
Major	15.61	< .001
Extreme	1.69	.194

West

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	3.88	.049
Minor	0.19	.661
Major	2.11	.147
Extreme	7.49	.006

Northeast

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	6.85	.009
Minor	1.31	.253
Major	3.02	.082
Extreme	0.00	.947

Midwest

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	0.76	.384
Minor	0.10	.757
Major	1.88	.171
Extreme	1.41	.234

Black/African American

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	22.52	< .001
Minor	0.03	.864
Major	6.63	.010
Extreme	26.04	< .001

LatinX

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	37.19	< .001
Minor	7.36	.007
Major	10.37	.001
Extreme	0.99	.321

Low income

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	505.57	< .001
Minor	4.67	.031
Major	286.97	< .001
Extreme	201.14	< .001

Income by Employment

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	599.45	< .001
Minor	43.67	< .001
Major	354.83	< .001
Extreme	293.81	< .001

Income by Black/African American

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	514.17	< .001
Minor	7.08	.069
Major	292.95	< .001
Extreme	218.74	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, High Income	0.070
Non-black, High Income	Black, Low Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, Low Income	0.107
Non-black, Low Income	Non-black, High Income	0.000

Income by Latinx

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	525.64	< .001
Minor	10.98	.012
Major	287.47	< .001
Extreme	208.62	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, High Income	0.070
Non-black, High Income	Black, Low Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, Low Income	0.107
Non-black, Low Income	Non-black, High Income	0.000

Income by South

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	525.64	< .001
Minor	10.98	.012
Major	287.47	< .001
Extreme	208.62	< .001

Related to caregiver well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None - Minor	-10.32	-11.57	-9.07	< .001
None - Major	-22.83	-24.52	-21.15	< .001
None - Extreme	-32.49	-35.13	-29.86	< .001
Minor - Major	-12.51	-14.07	-10.96	< .001
Minor - Extreme	-22.17	-24.72	-19.62	< .001
Major - Extreme	-9.66	-12.45	-6.87	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	-7.61	-10.21	-5.00	< .001
None	-5.54	-9.35	-1.74	.004
Extreme	-13.31	-20.36	-6.26	.001
Major	-7.09	-11.35	-2.83	.002

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	-2.07	-3.97	-0.17	.098
None	-0.07	-2.78	2.64	.960
Extreme	-7.61	-14.20	-1.03	.096
Major	-1.53	-4.79	1.73	.716

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	0.09	-1.62	1.79	> .999
None	-1.54	-4.57	1.49	> .999
Extreme	-1.38	-7.93	5.18	> .999
Major	1.61	-1.30	4.52	> .999

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	9.60	6.31	12.89	< .001
None	7.88	2.46	13.31	.010
Extreme	5.90	-2.34	14.13	.162
Major	6.91	2.32	11.50	.010

Related to child well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None - Minor	-8.94	-10.45	-7.43	< .001
None - Major	-17.17	-19.21	-15.13	< .001
None - Extreme	-19.94	-23.13	-16.76	< .001
Minor - Major	-8.23	-10.11	-6.35	< .001
Minor - Extreme	-11.00	-14.09	-7.92	< .001
Major - Extreme	-2.77	-6.15	0.61	.374

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	-8.44	-11.55	-5.33	< .001
None	-2.79	-7.22	1.64	.435
Extreme	-4.31	-13.25	4.63	.435
Major	-7.75	-13.37	-2.13	.021

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	-0.80	-3.07	1.47	.976
None	4.55	1.41	7.70	.018
Extreme	-7.31	-15.59	0.98	.254
Major	0.42	-3.89	4.73	.976

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	-0.68	-2.71	1.35	> .999
None	3.21	-0.32	6.75	.301
Extreme	1.67	-6.62	9.95	> .999
Major	2.27	-1.54	6.08	.729

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	15.94	12.03	19.85	< .001
None	10.53	4.22	16.84	.002
Extreme	16.21	6.08	26.34	.002
Major	14.87	8.83	20.91	< .001

Related to family well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None - Minor	-9.65	-10.80	-8.49	< .001
None - Major	-20.01	-21.57	-18.45	< .001
None - Extreme	-26.24	-28.67	-23.81	< .001
Minor - Major	-10.37	-11.80	-8.93	< .001
Minor - Extreme	-16.59	-18.95	-14.24	< .001
Major - Extreme	-6.23	-8.81	-3.65	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	-8.03	-10.42	-5.65	< .001
None	-4.26	-7.69	-0.83	.018
Extreme	-8.82	-15.40	-2.23	.018
Major	-7.42	-11.56	-3.27	.001

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	-1.41	-3.16	0.33	.224
None	2.26	-0.19	4.70	.212
Extreme	-7.38	-13.48	-1.29	.072
Major	-0.55	-3.72	2.62	.734

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	-0.31	-1.86	1.25	> .999
None	0.78	-1.97	3.52	> .999
Extreme	0.16	-5.92	6.24	> .999
Major	1.93	-0.89	4.74	.719

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	12.77	9.76	15.77	< .001
None	9.22	4.33	14.11	< .001
Extreme	11.04	3.48	18.60	.004
Major	10.82	6.38	15.26	< .001

Physical Health

Well-baby/Well-child Checkup

Have you missed a well-baby/well-child checkup since the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic began?

Options:

• No \((N = 5278)\)
• Yes \((N = 2140)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	2.19	.139
Yes	2.19	.139

West

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	3.36	.067
Yes	3.36	.067

Northeast

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	2.3	.129
Yes	2.3	.129

Midwest

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	1.15	.284
Yes	1.15	.284

Black/African American

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	0.03	.870
Yes	0.03	.870

LatinX

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	23.15	< .001
Yes	23.15	< .001

Low income

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	40.53	< .001
Yes	40.53	< .001

Income by Employment

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	73.65	< .001
Yes	73.65	< .001

Income by Black/African American

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	57.03	< .001
Yes	57.03	< .001

Income by Latinx

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	55.55	< .001
Yes	55.55	< .001

Income by South

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	55.55	< .001
Yes	55.55	< .001

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
No - Yes	-7.91	-9.16	-6.66	< .001

Missed vaccine

[If yes missed well-baby] [asked for up to five children] Did they miss a scheduled vaccine at this visit?

Options:

• No \((N = 5936)\)
• Yes \((N = 710)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	3.28	.070
Yes	3.28	.070

West

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	0.77	.381
Yes	0.77	.381

Northeast

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	0.2	.655
Yes	0.2	.655

Midwest

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	0.44	.506
Yes	0.44	.506

Black/African American

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	0.14	.705
Yes	0.14	.705

LatinX

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	23.2	< .001
Yes	23.2	< .001

Low income

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	28.53	< .001
Yes	28.53	< .001

Income by Employment

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	71.04	< .001
Yes	71.04	< .001

Income by Black/African American

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	37.87	< .001
Yes	37.87	< .001

Income by Latinx

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	42.33	< .001
Yes	42.33	< .001

Income by South

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	42.33	< .001
Yes	42.33	< .001

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
No - Yes	-11.61	-13.55	-9.67	< .001

Barriers to well-child

● What prevented you from going to a well-baby checkup? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

• Cost \((N = 149)\)
• Unable to get time away from work \((N = 134)\)
• Inability to find childcare \((N = 232)\)
• Concern over exposure to coronavirus (COVID-19) \((N = 1682)\)
• Caring for family members \((N = 134)\)
• Vaccine hesitancy \((N = 148)\)
• Other, please describe \((N = 407)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	4.60	.032
Time away from work	1.02	.311
Inability find childcare	0.14	.708
Concern for covid	0.00	.947
Caring for family	0.00	> .999
Vaccine hesitancy	0.00	.946
Other	10.60	.001

West

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	0.11	.738
Time away from work	3.35	.067
Inability find childcare	1.03	.311
Concern for covid	1.40	.236
Caring for family	2.29	.130
Vaccine hesitancy	0.44	.505
Other	0.55	.459

Northeast

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	4.85	.028
Time away from work	3.98	.046
Inability find childcare	0.46	.498
Concern for covid	1.92	.165
Caring for family	5.26	.022
Vaccine hesitancy	0.63	.426
Other	1.25	.264

Midwest

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	0.00	> .999
Time away from work	1.75	.186
Inability find childcare	0.00	> .999
Concern for covid	0.00	.969
Caring for family	0.06	.811
Vaccine hesitancy	0.00	.944
Other	3.30	.069

Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	0.01	.923
Time away from work	2.31	.129
Inability find childcare	0.22	.638
Concern for covid	0.85	.356
Caring for family	0.00	> .999
Vaccine hesitancy	6.27	.012
Other	11.33	.001

LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	9.78	.002
Time away from work	1.33	.250
Inability find childcare	1.72	.190
Concern for covid	30.87	< .001
Caring for family	6.45	.011
Vaccine hesitancy	0.01	.916
Other	5.16	.023

Low income

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	5.62	.018
Time away from work	4.24	.040
Inability find childcare	36.35	< .001
Concern for covid	32.10	< .001
Caring for family	15.04	< .001
Vaccine hesitancy	11.17	.001
Other	0.40	.529

Income by Employment

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	17.20	.001
Time away from work	14.26	.003
Inability find childcare	48.57	< .001
Concern for covid	62.21	< .001
Caring for family	22.25	< .001
Vaccine hesitancy	24.11	< .001
Other	11.59	.009

Income by Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	7.59	.055
Time away from work	5.42	.144
Inability find childcare	40.07	< .001
Concern for covid	44.39	< .001
Caring for family	18.20	< .001
Vaccine hesitancy	19.30	< .001
Other	14.90	.002

Income by LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	11.73	.008
Time away from work	8.75	.033
Inability find childcare	39.78	< .001
Concern for covid	56.36	< .001
Caring for family	25.92	< .001
Vaccine hesitancy	14.28	.003
Other	4.91	.179

Income by South

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	11.11	.011
Time away from work	6.22	.101
Inability find childcare	38.09	< .001
Concern for covid	33.67	< .001
Caring for family	15.68	.001
Vaccine hesitancy	13.01	.005
Other	9.94	.019

Related to well-being

Basic Needs

Free food (currently)

Do you currently have access to free food for your household? Examples of free food include food pantries and programs, SNAP etc.

Options:

• Yes \((N = 2426)\)
• No, but I know where/how I can access free food resources \((N = 1200)\)
• No, I am not eligible for free food resources \((N = 3436)\)
• Unsure \((N = 348)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	0.36	.546
No, not eligible	11.80	.001
Unsure	0.09	.758
Yes	15.86	< .001

West

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	3.83	.050
No, not eligible	0.84	.360
Unsure	1.27	.260
Yes	0.00	.998

Northeast

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	5.10	.024
No, not eligible	25.96	< .001
Unsure	0.17	.683
Yes	11.45	.001

Midwest

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	0.35	.552
No, not eligible	0.18	.668
Unsure	1.37	.242
Yes	2.28	.131

Black/African American

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	4.30	.038
No, not eligible	80.15	< .001
Unsure	0.03	.870
Yes	63.39	< .001

LatinX

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	3.17	.075
No, not eligible	61.89	< .001
Unsure	4.16	.041
Yes	35.75	< .001

Low income

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	3.04	.081
No, not eligible	1108.30	< .001
Unsure	8.97	.003
Yes	1280.97	< .001

Income by Employment

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	9.75	.021
No, not eligible	1163.47	< .001
Unsure	13.20	.004
Yes	1325.48	< .001

Income by Black/African American

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	17.64	.001
No, not eligible	1137.14	< .001
Unsure	13.02	.005
Yes	1290.91	< .001

Income by Latinx

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	7.56	.056
No, not eligible	1136.21	< .001
Unsure	11.45	.010
Yes	1300.49	< .001

Income by South

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	7.56	.056
No, not eligible	1136.21	< .001
Unsure	11.45	.010
Yes	1300.49	< .001

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
No, know how - No, not eligible	1.70	0.05	3.34	.179
No, know how - Unsure	-4.72	-7.70	-1.73	.011
No, know how - Yes	-3.68	-5.41	-1.95	< .001
No, not eligible - Unsure	-6.41	-9.17	-3.66	< .001
No, not eligible - Yes	-5.37	-6.67	-4.07	< .001
Unsure - Yes	1.04	-1.77	3.85	.887

Free Lunch (during-COVID)

Prior to coronavirus (COVID-19), did you get free or reduced lunches for your child(ren)?

Options:

• Yes, my child(ren) received free or reduced lunches \((N = 1338)\)
• No, free or reduced lunches were not available for my children \((N = 1779)\)
• No, my child did not receive free or reduced lunches, but they were available \((N = )\)
• No, free or reduced lunches were not available for my children \((N = 1338)\)
• No, but I had planned on getting free or reduced lunches for my children soon \((N = 1322)\)
• No, I didn’t know how to access this resource \((N = 117)\)
• Not applicable \((N = 511)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	0.16	.689
No, didn’t know how	3.53	.060
No, not available	12.97	< .001
No, planned	0.28	.596
Yes	17.63	< .001

West

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	2.28	.131
No, didn’t know how	0.75	.387
No, not available	5.14	.023
No, planned	1.39	.238
Yes	19.33	< .001

Northeast

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	7.03	.008
No, didn’t know how	0.22	.641
No, not available	14.42	< .001
No, planned	5.97	.015
Yes	0.02	.896

Midwest

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	1.35	.245
No, didn’t know how	6.99	.008
No, not available	2.71	.100
No, planned	0.04	.838
Yes	0.04	.846

Black/African American

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	1.28	.257
No, didn’t know how	1.70	.192
No, not available	28.74	< .001
No, planned	15.48	< .001
Yes	8.78	.003

LatinX

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	0.48	.489
No, didn’t know how	1.10	.293
No, not available	52.38	< .001
No, planned	48.27	< .001
Yes	2.20	.138

Low income

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	0.45	.501
No, didn’t know how	10.81	.001
No, not available	517.05	< .001
No, planned	192.22	< .001
Yes	110.44	< .001

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	0.45	.501
No, didn’t know how	10.81	.001
No, not available	517.05	< .001
No, planned	192.22	< .001
Yes	110.44	< .001

Income by Employment

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	6.13	.106
No, didn’t know how	14.04	.003
No, not available	538.87	< .001
No, planned	210.56	< .001
Yes	112.38	< .001

Income by Black/African American

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	4.79	.188
No, didn’t know how	20.14	< .001
No, not available	521.62	< .001
No, planned	198.36	< .001
Yes	114.36	< .001

Income by Latinx

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	1.01	.799
No, didn’t know how	15.16	.002
No, not available	537.59	< .001
No, planned	221.37	< .001
Yes	113.14	< .001

Income by South

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	1.01	.799
No, didn’t know how	15.16	.002
No, not available	537.59	< .001
No, planned	221.37	< .001
Yes	113.14	< .001

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
(N/A) - No, didn’t know how	3.38	-1.65	8.41	.680
(N/A) - No, not available	-0.05	-2.51	2.41	> .999
(N/A) - No, planned	3.99	1.43	6.55	.019
(N/A) - Yes	5.08	2.53	7.63	.001
No, didn’t know how - No, not available	-3.43	-8.12	1.25	.604
No, didn’t know how - No, planned	0.61	-4.12	5.34	.999
No, didn’t know how - Yes	1.70	-3.03	6.43	.956
No, not available - No, planned	4.04	2.26	5.82	< .001
No, not available - Yes	5.13	3.35	6.90	< .001
No, planned - Yes	1.09	-0.82	2.99	.797

Paying for basics

In the past month, how hard has it been for you to pay for the very basics like food, housing, medical care, and heating?

Options:

• Very hard \((N = 543)\)
• Hard \((N = 799)\)
• Somewhat hard \((N = )\)
• Not very hard \((N = 4145)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	25.72	< .001
Somewhat hard	10.66	.001
Hard	2.03	.154
Very hard	5.67	.017

West

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	8.58	.003
Somewhat hard	3.28	.070
Hard	0.51	.476
Very hard	11.46	.001

Northeast

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	5.61	.018
Somewhat hard	2.67	.102
Hard	0.06	.811
Very hard	1.84	.175

Midwest

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	0.34	.562
Somewhat hard	0.11	.741
Hard	4.56	.033
Very hard	3.98	.046

Black/African American

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	37.18	< .001
Somewhat hard	7.56	.006
Hard	4.51	.034
Very hard	18.54	< .001

LatinX

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	67.94	< .001
Somewhat hard	22.89	< .001
Hard	23.69	< .001
Very hard	3.06	.080

Low income

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	887.18	< .001
Somewhat hard	191.84	< .001
Hard	205.46	< .001
Very hard	280.49	< .001

Income by Employment

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	1007.04	< .001
Somewhat hard	222.63	< .001
Hard	234.71	< .001
Very hard	350.63	< .001

Income by Black/African American

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	907.88	< .001
Somewhat hard	197.22	< .001
Hard	219.00	< .001
Very hard	287.23	< .001

Income by Latinx

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	921.96	< .001
Somewhat hard	201.70	< .001
Hard	225.80	< .001
Very hard	284.74	< .001

Income by South

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	921.96	< .001
Somewhat hard	201.70	< .001
Hard	225.80	< .001
Very hard	284.74	< .001

Related to caregiver well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard - Somewhat hard	-10.37	-11.65	-9.08	< .001
Not very hard - Hard	-17.55	-19.35	-15.75	< .001
Not very hard - Very hard	-25.19	-27.32	-23.07	< .001
Somewhat hard - Hard	-7.18	-9.14	-5.22	< .001
Somewhat hard - Very hard	-14.83	-17.09	-12.56	< .001
Hard - Very hard	-7.64	-10.23	-5.05	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	-5.96	-8.65	-3.27	< .001
Somewhat hard	-9.60	-13.10	-6.11	< .001
Very hard	-7.91	-13.86	-1.96	.019
Hard	-6.21	-11.43	-0.98	.020

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	-1.17	-3.12	0.78	.331
Somewhat hard	-2.13	-4.75	0.48	.331
Very hard	-7.11	-12.18	-2.05	.025
Hard	-2.84	-6.68	1.00	.331

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	-0.79	-2.72	1.15	> .999
Somewhat hard	1.12	-1.24	3.48	> .999
Very hard	-1.14	-6.17	3.89	> .999
Hard	0.34	-3.25	3.94	> .999

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	4.99	1.02	8.97	.041
Somewhat hard	11.15	6.92	15.37	< .001
Very hard	7.01	0.81	13.21	.054
Hard	5.80	0.52	11.09	.054

Related to child well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard - Somewhat hard	-8.14	-9.68	-6.60	< .001
Not very hard - Hard	-13.88	-16.04	-11.72	< .001
Not very hard - Very hard	-16.41	-18.97	-13.86	< .001
Somewhat hard - Hard	-5.74	-8.09	-3.39	< .001
Somewhat hard - Very hard	-8.28	-10.99	-5.56	< .001
Hard - Very hard	-2.54	-5.65	0.57	.380

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	-5.32	-8.47	-2.18	.003
Somewhat hard	-9.60	-13.80	-5.39	< .001
Very hard	-2.65	-10.33	5.02	.498
Hard	-8.10	-14.74	-1.45	.034

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	1.99	-0.29	4.26	.261
Somewhat hard	-0.82	-3.97	2.33	> .999
Very hard	-6.28	-12.82	0.27	.243
Hard	-0.90	-5.81	4.02	> .999

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	2.81	0.55	5.08	.060
Somewhat hard	-1.88	-4.70	0.94	.576
Very hard	2.22	-4.17	8.61	.663
Hard	-2.29	-6.91	2.33	.663

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	12.38	7.75	17.00	< .001
Somewhat hard	17.68	12.64	22.73	< .001
Very hard	10.79	2.86	18.71	.008
Hard	13.93	7.23	20.64	< .001

Related to family well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard - Somewhat hard	-9.26	-10.44	-8.08	< .001
Not very hard - Hard	-15.74	-17.39	-14.08	< .001
Not very hard - Very hard	-20.81	-22.77	-18.86	< .001
Somewhat hard - Hard	-6.48	-8.28	-4.68	< .001
Somewhat hard - Very hard	-11.56	-13.64	-9.47	< .001
Hard - Very hard	-5.08	-7.46	-2.69	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	-5.69	-8.13	-3.25	< .001
Somewhat hard	-9.60	-12.83	-6.37	< .001
Very hard	-5.29	-10.84	0.27	.063
Hard	-7.17	-12.13	-2.21	.009

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	0.41	-1.36	2.18	.701
Somewhat hard	-1.48	-3.90	0.95	.701
Very hard	-6.65	-11.36	-1.95	.023
Hard	-1.79	-5.45	1.87	.701

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	0.98	-0.77	2.74	> .999
Somewhat hard	-0.38	-2.55	1.80	> .999
Very hard	0.55	-4.09	5.18	> .999
Hard	-1.02	-4.44	2.40	> .999

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	8.69	5.09	12.29	< .001
Somewhat hard	14.42	10.53	18.30	< .001
Very hard	8.89	3.14	14.64	.003
Hard	9.76	4.77	14.76	< .001

Which needs

Which of these needs have been hard to pay for in the past month? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

• Food \((N = 1593)\)
• Housing \((N = 1732)\)
• Utilities (electric, water, trash) \((N = )\)
• Healthcare \((N = 766)\)
• Social \((N = 752)\)
• Emotional \((N = 828)\)
• Childcare \((N = 688)\)
• Other \((N = 218)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key	statistic	p.value
Food	2.83	.093
House	9.61	.002
Utilities	22.98	< .001
Healthcare	17.47	< .001
Social	1.38	.239
Emotional	0.01	.917
Childcare	5.15	.023
Other	0.39	.534

West

key	statistic	p.value
Food	1.98	.160
House	0.84	.359
Utilities	16.06	< .001
Healthcare	0.93	.334
Social	0.25	.618
Emotional	0.60	.438
Childcare	0.09	.767
Other	0.22	.641

Northeast

key	statistic	p.value
Food	5.64	.018
House	1.76	.184
Utilities	2.35	.125
Healthcare	15.09	< .001
Social	0.75	.388
Emotional	0.14	.710
Childcare	2.51	.113
Other	0.04	.847

Midwest

key	statistic	p.value
Food	2.58	.108
House	1.77	.183
Utilities	0.01	.938
Healthcare	0.07	.786
Social	1.21	.272
Emotional	1.01	.314
Childcare	0.62	.430
Other	0.00	> .999

Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Food	15.77	< .001
House	11.11	.001
Utilities	17.33	< .001
Healthcare	0.36	.550
Social	4.60	.032
Emotional	0.86	.353
Childcare	16.67	< .001
Other	0.28	.593

LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Food	33.06	< .001
House	43.15	< .001
Utilities	43.42	< .001
Healthcare	8.99	.003
Social	0.00	.972
Emotional	0.58	.447
Childcare	3.24	.072
Other	0.00	.963

Low income

key	statistic	p.value
Food	266.14	< .001
House	430.69	< .001
Utilities	743.77	< .001
Healthcare	9.03	.003
Social	131.73	< .001
Emotional	159.06	< .001
Childcare	40.36	< .001
Other	59.44	< .001

Income by Employment

key	statistic	p.value
Food	317.24	< .001
House	525.62	< .001
Utilities	872.65	< .001
Healthcare	40.66	< .001
Social	151.08	< .001
Emotional	193.48	< .001
Childcare	41.54	< .001
Other	67.82	< .001

Income by Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Food	279.00	< .001
House	435.88	< .001
Utilities	764.57	< .001
Healthcare	13.52	.004
Social	148.92	< .001
Emotional	166.56	< .001
Childcare	54.55	< .001
Other	61.27	< .001

Income by LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Food	287.61	< .001
House	450.97	< .001
Utilities	760.13	< .001
Healthcare	20.65	< .001
Social	143.39	< .001
Emotional	181.91	< .001
Childcare	50.97	< .001
Other	60.84	< .001

Income by South

key	statistic	p.value
Food	281.64	< .001
House	442.93	< .001
Utilities	750.81	< .001
Healthcare	26.96	< .001
Social	142.20	< .001
Emotional	161.60	< .001
Childcare	44.89	< .001
Other	62.74	< .001

Related to well-being

Material hardship

This variables was calculated by adding up the number of needs selected for the following question: Which of these needs have been hard to pay for in the past month? [Select all that apply.]

• 0 \((N = 4230)\)
• 1 \((N = 698)\)
• 2 \((N = 919)\)
• 3 \((N = 766)\)
• 4 \((N = 431)\)
• 5 \((N = 221)\)
• 6 \((N = 102)\)
• 7 \((N = 56)\)
• 8 \((N = 4)\)

Material hardship censored at 6, given small sample sizes.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	25.07	< .001
1	3.67	.055
2	10.73	.001
3	2.34	.126
4	0.66	.418
5	0.00	> .999
6	1.01	.314

West

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	9.19	.002
1	1.37	.242
2	5.06	.025
3	0.52	.469
4	0.00	> .999
5	0.01	.938
6	1.46	.227

Northeast

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	5.64	.018
1	0.55	.458
2	3.92	.048
3	0.99	.320
4	3.29	.070
5	0.00	> .999
6	0.00	.997

Midwest

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	0.16	.693
1	2.50	.114
2	0.12	.728
3	0.00	.978
4	0.40	.528
5	0.00	> .999
6	0.00	> .999

Black/African American

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	34.19	< .001
1	25.41	< .001
2	7.58	.006
3	0.96	.327
4	0.91	.341
5	0.51	.477
6	0.16	.691

LatinX

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	68.66	< .001
1	28.12	< .001
2	16.28	< .001
3	3.93	.047
4	1.02	.312
5	0.20	.651
6	2.67	.102

Low income

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	857.82	< .001
1	90.81	< .001
2	206.12	< .001
3	123.68	< .001
4	95.86	< .001
5	15.25	< .001
6	21.69	< .001

Income by Employment

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	975.59	< .001
1	97.37	< .001
2	256.27	< .001
3	143.39	< .001
4	101.87	< .001
5	30.52	< .001
6	27.80	< .001

Income by Black/African American

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	877.03	< .001
1	102.12	< .001
2	208.75	< .001
3	128.49	< .001
4	100.32	< .001
5	18.43	< .001
6	23.77	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, High Income	0.010
Non-black, High Income	Black, Low Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, Low Income	0.109
Non-black, Low Income	Non-black, High Income	0.000

Income by Latinx

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	893.39	< .001
1	110.09	< .001
2	213.93	< .001
3	124.21	< .001
4	103.28	< .001
5	18.14	< .001
6	28.24	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, High Income	0.00
Non-Latinx, High Income	Latinx, High Income	0.00
Non-Latinx, High Income	Latinx, Low Income	0.00
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, High Income	0.00
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, Low Income	0.42
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Non-Latinx, High Income	0.00

Income by South

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	893.39	< .001
1	110.09	< .001
2	213.93	< .001
3	124.21	< .001
4	103.28	< .001
5	18.14	< .001
6	28.24	< .001

Related to caregiver well-being

	Confidence Interval
estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
5.15	4.81	5.48	< .001

Related to child well-being

	Confidence Interval
estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
3.94	3.54	4.34	< .001

Related to family well-being

	Confidence Interval
estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
4.54	4.24	4.85	< .001

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Material hardship dichotomized

For these analyses, we censor responses at 1 (creating a 1+ category).

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	25.07	< .001
1+	25.07	< .001

West

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	9.19	.002
1+	9.19	.002

Northeast

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	5.64	.018
1+	5.64	.018

Midwest

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	0.16	.693
1+	0.16	.693

Black/African American

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	34.19	< .001
1+	34.19	< .001

LatinX

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	68.66	< .001
1+	68.66	< .001

Low income

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	857.82	< .001
1+	857.82	< .001

Income by Employment

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	975.59	< .001
1+	975.59	< .001

Income by Black/African American

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	877.03	< .001
1+	877.03	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, Low Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, Low Income	0.468
Non-black, Low Income	Non-black, High Income	0.000

Income by Latinx

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	893.39	< .001
1+	893.39	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, High Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income	Latinx, High Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income	Latinx, Low Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, High Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, Low Income	0.231
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Non-Latinx, High Income	0.000

Income by South

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	893.39	< .001
1+	893.39	< .001

Related to caregiver well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0 - (1+)	-15	-16.1	-13.9	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	-5.96	-8.61	-3.32	< .001
1+	-7.75	-10.45	-5.04	< .001

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	-1.31	-3.23	0.62	.185
1+	-3.13	-5.18	-1.07	.006

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	-0.79	-2.68	1.11	.416
1+	2.41	0.54	4.29	.023

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	5.46	1.57	9.35	.006
1+	9.98	6.99	12.97	< .001

Related to child well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0 - (1+)	-11.14	-12.45	-9.82	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	-5.34	-8.43	-2.25	.001
1+	-7.45	-10.74	-4.16	< .001

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	1.62	-0.63	3.87	.317
1+	-1.41	-3.91	1.10	.317

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	2.38	0.17	4.60	.070
1+	0.23	-2.05	2.51	.843

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	12.36	7.83	16.88	< .001
1+	15.93	12.31	19.55	< .001

Related to family well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0 - (1+)	-13.08	-14.09	-12.06	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	-5.7	-8.10	-3.30	< .001
1+	-7.6	-10.11	-5.09	< .001

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	0.16	-1.59	1.91	.859
1+	-2.23	-4.14	-0.32	.045

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	0.77	-0.95	2.49	.380
1+	1.32	-0.42	3.06	.274

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	8.91	5.39	12.44	< .001
1+	12.92	10.16	15.68	< .001