Representativeness disclaimer

These analyses are based on responses collected from 7427 caregivers between the dates of April 06, 2020 and October 22, 2020. These caregivers represent a range of voices: 9.26% are Black/African American, 18.90% are LatinX, and 29.10% live at or below 1.5 times the federal poverty line. Proportions/percentages are calculated based on the item-level response rates, not out of the total sample size. The data for these analyses are not weighted.

Economic Stability

Receiving public benefits

Are you receiving any sort of public or employment benefits? ex. Federal cash assistance programs such as the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), Social Security Income (SSI). OR, Federal-in kind benefit programs such as Medicaid, Food Stamps and Housing.

Options:

  • Yes \((N = 1924)\)
  • No \((N = 4404)\)
  • Didn’t Qualify \((N = 897)\)
  • Intend to apply \((N = 183)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 0.00 .959
Intend to apply 0.55 .458
No 4.14 .042
Yes 3.68 .055

West

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 0.04 .836
Intend to apply 0.05 .825
No 3.12 .078
Yes 2.83 .093

Northeast

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 0.67 .413
Intend to apply 1.99 .158
No 0.36 .547
Yes 0.62 .433

Midwest

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 0.30 .584
Intend to apply 0.37 .544
No 0.00 .955
Yes 0.07 .798

Black/African American

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 2.78 .095
Intend to apply 16.01 < .001
No 31.35 < .001
Yes 37.16 < .001

LatinX

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 0.01 .929
Intend to apply 0.16 .692
No 6.38 .012
Yes 6.53 .011

Low income

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 23.58 < .001
Intend to apply 16.08 < .001
No 669.63 < .001
Yes 974.92 < .001

Income by Employment

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 26.61 < .001
Intend to apply 18.53 < .001
No 780.80 < .001
Yes 1086.78 < .001

Income by Black/African American

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 24.79 < .001
Intend to apply 28.94 < .001
No 678.16 < .001
Yes 981.11 < .001

Income by Latinx

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 26.89 < .001
Intend to apply 17.52 .001
No 678.50 < .001
Yes 989.82 < .001

Income by South

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 26.89 < .001
Intend to apply 17.52 .001
No 678.50 < .001
Yes 989.82 < .001

Which public benefits

What types of benefits are you receiving? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

  • Health/Medical \((N = 993)\)
  • Food \((N = 1307)\)
  • Income (not icluding federal stimulus checks) \((N = 382)\)
  • Disability (not military) \((N = 166)\)
  • Military Pension \((N = 2)\)
  • Military Disability \((N = )\)
  • Military Medical Care \((N = 3)\)
  • Military (any benefit, including pension, disability, etc) \((N = 30)\)
  • Housing Subsidy \((N = 125)\)
  • Child Care Subsidy \((N = 55)\)
  • Other \((N = 19)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key statistic p.value
Health 0.09 .764
Food 7.43 .006
Income 0.71 .400
Disability 0.19 .663
Military pension 1.42 .233
Military disability 0.00 > .999
Military medical 0.44 .508
Military 0.01 .918
Housing 0.80 .370
Childcare 0.04 .849
Other 0.00 .953

West

key statistic p.value
Health 0.00 > .999
Food 2.59 .107
Income 1.40 .236
Disability 5.17 .023
Military pension 0.00 .974
Military disability 0.27 .601
Military medical 0.90 .344
Military 3.30 .069
Housing 0.00 .963
Childcare 3.22 .073
Other 0.00 > .999

Northeast

key statistic p.value
Health 4.46 .035
Food 0.05 .831
Income 9.15 .002
Disability 1.90 .169
Military pension 0.00 > .999
Military disability 0.03 .859
Military medical 0.00 > .999
Military 0.22 .638
Housing 0.99 .321
Childcare 2.05 .153
Other 0.10 .758

Midwest

key statistic p.value
Health 2.16 .142
Food 1.31 .253
Income 8.31 .004
Disability 0.25 .619
Military pension 0.00 > .999
Military disability 0.00 > .999
Military medical 0.00 > .999
Military 0.84 .360
Housing 0.00 > .999
Childcare 0.71 .399
Other 0.33 .566

Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Health 3.84 .050
Food 43.32 < .001
Income 4.99 .025
Disability 6.20 .013
Military pension 0.59 .444
Military disability 0.00 > .999
Military medical 0.00 > .999
Military 1.17 .280
Housing 0.43 .512
Childcare 8.88 .003
Other 0.04 .834

LatinX

key statistic p.value
Health 2.65 .103
Food 9.06 .003
Income 0.03 .860
Disability 0.57 .452
Military pension 0.05 .830
Military disability 0.88 .347
Military medical 0.01 .916
Military 0.69 .405
Housing 0.90 .342
Childcare 1.05 .305
Other 1.34 .246

Low income

key statistic p.value
Health 448.09 < .001
Food 982.56 < .001
Income 107.13 < .001
Disability 111.45 < .001
Military disability 0.06 .803
Military medical 0.06 .803
Military 1.40 .237
Housing 19.86 < .001
Childcare 25.83 < .001
Other 4.61 .032

Income by Employment

key statistic p.value
Health 487.69 < .001
Food 1084.24 < .001
Income 215.08 < .001
Disability 133.35 < .001
Military disability 1.54 .673
Military medical 1.54 .673
Military 3.85 .278
Housing 25.45 < .001
Childcare 33.28 < .001
Other 7.99 .046

Income by Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Health 451.44 < .001
Food 989.87 < .001
Income 108.34 < .001
Disability 121.33 < .001
Military disability 1.23 .746
Military medical 1.23 .746
Military 4.41 .220
Housing 23.68 < .001
Childcare 30.65 < .001
Other 6.18 .103

Income by LatinX

key statistic p.value
Health 468.81 < .001
Food 994.06 < .001
Income 108.63 < .001
Disability 124.18 < .001
Military disability 16.37 .001
Military medical 1.59 .662
Military 5.39 .146
Housing 26.96 < .001
Childcare 33.78 < .001
Other 11.09 .011

Income by South

key statistic p.value
Health 452.68 < .001
Food 971.60 < .001
Income 111.82 < .001
Disability 112.48 < .001
Military disability 2.46 .483
Military medical 2.46 .483
Military 1.89 .596
Housing 24.92 < .001
Childcare 27.67 < .001
Other 6.03 .110

Receiving federal stimulus check

Have you received a federal stimulus check this year? (Also known as an economic impact payment) (Note: Weeks 3-8 separate this into two questions, one that asks whether participants have received a check (Yes, No, Unsure, Other) and another that asks if they expect to receive one, only presented if they respond “No” to the prior question. These were combined for the present analyses.)

Options:

  • Yes, I have received a federal stimulus check \((N = 3305)\)
  • No, but I expect to receive a federal stimulus check in the near future \((N = 217)\)
  • No, and I DO NOT expect to receive a federal stimulus check \((N = 366)\)
  • Unsure if I will receive a federal stimulus check \((N = 111)\)
  • Other \((N = 54)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 0.51 .476
No, not expected 0.02 .897
Other 0.00 > .999
Unsure 0.01 .910
Yes 0.39 .535

West

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 0.22 .635
No, not expected 14.39 < .001
Other 0.08 .773
Unsure 1.22 .269
Yes 10.43 .001

Northeast

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 0.01 .908
No, not expected 2.22 .136
Other 0.27 .602
Unsure 0.39 .534
Yes 2.35 .125

Midwest

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 0.17 .684
No, not expected 8.27 .004
Other 0.00 > .999
Unsure 0.58 .446
Yes 7.84 .005

Black/African American

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 11.34 .001
No, not expected 1.03 .309
Other 0.00 > .999
Unsure 10.21 .001
Yes 5.40 .020

LatinX

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 0.00 > .999
No, not expected 8.41 .004
Other 0.49 .483
Unsure 2.56 .110
Yes 10.02 .002

Low income

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 0.62 .430
No, not expected 0.27 .606
Other 25.15 < .001
Unsure 11.84 .001
Yes 8.03 .005

Income by Employment

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 1.84 .607
No, not expected 0.95 .813
Other 28.33 < .001
Unsure 19.42 < .001
Yes 9.55 .023

Income by Black/African American

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 16.55 .001
No, not expected 2.52 .471
Other 26.86 < .001
Unsure 22.89 < .001
Yes 15.74 .001

Income by Latinx

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 1.49 .684
No, not expected 9.34 .025
Other 30.69 < .001
Unsure 13.53 .004
Yes 17.31 .001

Income by South

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 1.49 .684
No, not expected 9.34 .025
Other 30.69 < .001
Unsure 13.53 .004
Yes 17.31 .001

Family Income

Which of the following best describes what has happened to your family income during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic? (Note that in weeks 1-6 and 10-12, there were 5 response options, including decreased very much, decreased somewhat, etc). These were collapsed to allow for assessment across all weeks

Options:

  • Has decreased \((N = 3257)\)
  • Has stayed the same \((N = 3190)\)
  • Has increased \((N = 940)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 4.70 .030
Increased 12.60 < .001
Stayed the same 0.04 .844

West

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 1.05 .306
Increased 0.61 .434
Stayed the same 2.50 .114

Northeast

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 4.32 .038
Increased 2.36 .124
Stayed the same 1.03 .310

Midwest

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 2.93 .087
Increased 3.16 .075
Stayed the same 0.24 .625

Black/African American

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 10.19 .001
Increased 1.13 .288
Stayed the same 5.96 .015

LatinX

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 42.04 < .001
Increased 2.88 .089
Stayed the same 28.32 < .001

Low income

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 105.64 < .001
Increased 1.97 .161
Stayed the same 128.55 < .001

Income by Employment

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 218.88 < .001
Increased 10.92 .012
Stayed the same 197.45 < .001

Income by Black/African American

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 103.84 < .001
Increased 5.00 .172
Stayed the same 117.13 < .001

Income by Latinx

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 119.43 < .001
Increased 2.29 .515
Stayed the same 131.90 < .001

Income by South

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 119.43 < .001
Increased 2.29 .515
Stayed the same 131.90 < .001

Family Financial Status

Which of the following best describes your family financially at this time?

Options:

  • No problems \((N = 2139)\)
  • Minor problems \((N = 3779)\)
  • Major problems \((N = 1144)\)
  • Extreme problems \((N = 358)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

financial_status statistic p.value
None 21.54 < .001
Minor 0.56 .456
Major 15.61 < .001
Extreme 1.69 .194

West

financial_status statistic p.value
None 3.88 .049
Minor 0.19 .661
Major 2.11 .147
Extreme 7.49 .006

Northeast

financial_status statistic p.value
None 6.85 .009
Minor 1.31 .253
Major 3.02 .082
Extreme 0.00 .947

Midwest

financial_status statistic p.value
None 0.76 .384
Minor 0.10 .757
Major 1.88 .171
Extreme 1.41 .234

Black/African American

financial_status statistic p.value
None 22.52 < .001
Minor 0.03 .864
Major 6.63 .010
Extreme 26.04 < .001

LatinX

financial_status statistic p.value
None 37.19 < .001
Minor 7.36 .007
Major 10.37 .001
Extreme 0.99 .321

Low income

financial_status statistic p.value
None 505.57 < .001
Minor 4.67 .031
Major 286.97 < .001
Extreme 201.14 < .001

Income by Employment

financial_status statistic p.value
None 599.45 < .001
Minor 43.67 < .001
Major 354.83 < .001
Extreme 293.81 < .001

Income by Black/African American

financial_status statistic p.value
None 514.17 < .001
Minor 7.08 .069
Major 292.95 < .001
Extreme 218.74 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, High Income 0.070
Non-black, High Income Black, Low Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, Low Income 0.107
Non-black, Low Income Non-black, High Income 0.000

Income by Latinx

financial_status statistic p.value
None 525.64 < .001
Minor 10.98 .012
Major 287.47 < .001
Extreme 208.62 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, High Income 0.070
Non-black, High Income Black, Low Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, Low Income 0.107
Non-black, Low Income Non-black, High Income 0.000

Income by South

financial_status statistic p.value
None 525.64 < .001
Minor 10.98 .012
Major 287.47 < .001
Extreme 208.62 < .001

Physical Health

Well-baby/Well-child Checkup

Have you missed a well-baby/well-child checkup since the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic began?

Options:

  • No \((N = 5278)\)
  • Yes \((N = 2140)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 2.19 .139
Yes 2.19 .139

West

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 3.36 .067
Yes 3.36 .067

Northeast

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 2.3 .129
Yes 2.3 .129

Midwest

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 1.15 .284
Yes 1.15 .284

Black/African American

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 0.03 .870
Yes 0.03 .870

LatinX

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 23.15 < .001
Yes 23.15 < .001

Low income

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 40.53 < .001
Yes 40.53 < .001

Income by Employment

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 73.65 < .001
Yes 73.65 < .001

Income by Black/African American

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 57.03 < .001
Yes 57.03 < .001

Income by Latinx

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 55.55 < .001
Yes 55.55 < .001

Income by South

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 55.55 < .001
Yes 55.55 < .001

Missed vaccine

[If yes missed well-baby] [asked for up to five children] Did they miss a scheduled vaccine at this visit?

Options:

  • No \((N = 5936)\)
  • Yes \((N = 710)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 3.28 .070
Yes 3.28 .070

West

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 0.77 .381
Yes 0.77 .381

Northeast

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 0.2 .655
Yes 0.2 .655

Midwest

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 0.44 .506
Yes 0.44 .506

Black/African American

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 0.14 .705
Yes 0.14 .705

LatinX

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 23.2 < .001
Yes 23.2 < .001

Low income

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 28.53 < .001
Yes 28.53 < .001

Income by Employment

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 71.04 < .001
Yes 71.04 < .001

Income by Black/African American

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 37.87 < .001
Yes 37.87 < .001

Income by Latinx

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 42.33 < .001
Yes 42.33 < .001

Income by South

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 42.33 < .001
Yes 42.33 < .001

Barriers to well-child

● What prevented you from going to a well-baby checkup? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

  • Cost \((N = 149)\)
  • Unable to get time away from work \((N = 134)\)
  • Inability to find childcare \((N = 232)\)
  • Concern over exposure to coronavirus (COVID-19) \((N = 1682)\)
  • Caring for family members \((N = 134)\)
  • Vaccine hesitancy \((N = 148)\)
  • Other, please describe \((N = 407)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key statistic p.value
Cost 4.60 .032
Time away from work 1.02 .311
Inability find childcare 0.14 .708
Concern for covid 0.00 .947
Caring for family 0.00 > .999
Vaccine hesitancy 0.00 .946
Other 10.60 .001

West

key statistic p.value
Cost 0.11 .738
Time away from work 3.35 .067
Inability find childcare 1.03 .311
Concern for covid 1.40 .236
Caring for family 2.29 .130
Vaccine hesitancy 0.44 .505
Other 0.55 .459

Northeast

key statistic p.value
Cost 4.85 .028
Time away from work 3.98 .046
Inability find childcare 0.46 .498
Concern for covid 1.92 .165
Caring for family 5.26 .022
Vaccine hesitancy 0.63 .426
Other 1.25 .264

Midwest

key statistic p.value
Cost 0.00 > .999
Time away from work 1.75 .186
Inability find childcare 0.00 > .999
Concern for covid 0.00 .969
Caring for family 0.06 .811
Vaccine hesitancy 0.00 .944
Other 3.30 .069

Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Cost 0.01 .923
Time away from work 2.31 .129
Inability find childcare 0.22 .638
Concern for covid 0.85 .356
Caring for family 0.00 > .999
Vaccine hesitancy 6.27 .012
Other 11.33 .001

LatinX

key statistic p.value
Cost 9.78 .002
Time away from work 1.33 .250
Inability find childcare 1.72 .190
Concern for covid 30.87 < .001
Caring for family 6.45 .011
Vaccine hesitancy 0.01 .916
Other 5.16 .023

Low income

key statistic p.value
Cost 5.62 .018
Time away from work 4.24 .040
Inability find childcare 36.35 < .001
Concern for covid 32.10 < .001
Caring for family 15.04 < .001
Vaccine hesitancy 11.17 .001
Other 0.40 .529

Income by Employment

key statistic p.value
Cost 17.20 .001
Time away from work 14.26 .003
Inability find childcare 48.57 < .001
Concern for covid 62.21 < .001
Caring for family 22.25 < .001
Vaccine hesitancy 24.11 < .001
Other 11.59 .009

Income by Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Cost 7.59 .055
Time away from work 5.42 .144
Inability find childcare 40.07 < .001
Concern for covid 44.39 < .001
Caring for family 18.20 < .001
Vaccine hesitancy 19.30 < .001
Other 14.90 .002

Income by LatinX

key statistic p.value
Cost 11.73 .008
Time away from work 8.75 .033
Inability find childcare 39.78 < .001
Concern for covid 56.36 < .001
Caring for family 25.92 < .001
Vaccine hesitancy 14.28 .003
Other 4.91 .179

Income by South

key statistic p.value
Cost 11.11 .011
Time away from work 6.22 .101
Inability find childcare 38.09 < .001
Concern for covid 33.67 < .001
Caring for family 15.68 .001
Vaccine hesitancy 13.01 .005
Other 9.94 .019

Basic Needs

Free food (currently)

Do you currently have access to free food for your household? Examples of free food include food pantries and programs, SNAP etc.

Options:

  • Yes \((N = 2426)\)
  • No, but I know where/how I can access free food resources \((N = 1200)\)
  • No, I am not eligible for free food resources \((N = 3436)\)
  • Unsure \((N = 348)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 0.36 .546
No, not eligible 11.80 .001
Unsure 0.09 .758
Yes 15.86 < .001

West

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 3.83 .050
No, not eligible 0.84 .360
Unsure 1.27 .260
Yes 0.00 .998

Northeast

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 5.10 .024
No, not eligible 25.96 < .001
Unsure 0.17 .683
Yes 11.45 .001

Midwest

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 0.35 .552
No, not eligible 0.18 .668
Unsure 1.37 .242
Yes 2.28 .131

Black/African American

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 4.30 .038
No, not eligible 80.15 < .001
Unsure 0.03 .870
Yes 63.39 < .001

LatinX

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 3.17 .075
No, not eligible 61.89 < .001
Unsure 4.16 .041
Yes 35.75 < .001

Low income

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 3.04 .081
No, not eligible 1108.30 < .001
Unsure 8.97 .003
Yes 1280.97 < .001

Income by Employment

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 9.75 .021
No, not eligible 1163.47 < .001
Unsure 13.20 .004
Yes 1325.48 < .001

Income by Black/African American

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 17.64 .001
No, not eligible 1137.14 < .001
Unsure 13.02 .005
Yes 1290.91 < .001

Income by Latinx

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 7.56 .056
No, not eligible 1136.21 < .001
Unsure 11.45 .010
Yes 1300.49 < .001

Income by South

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 7.56 .056
No, not eligible 1136.21 < .001
Unsure 11.45 .010
Yes 1300.49 < .001

Free Lunch (during-COVID)

Prior to coronavirus (COVID-19), did you get free or reduced lunches for your child(ren)?

Options:

  • Yes, my child(ren) received free or reduced lunches \((N = 1338)\)
  • No, free or reduced lunches were not available for my children \((N = 1779)\)
  • No, my child did not receive free or reduced lunches, but they were available \((N = )\)
  • No, free or reduced lunches were not available for my children \((N = 1338)\)
  • No, but I had planned on getting free or reduced lunches for my children soon \((N = 1322)\)
  • No, I didn’t know how to access this resource \((N = 117)\)
  • Not applicable \((N = 511)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 0.16 .689
No, didn’t know how 3.53 .060
No, not available 12.97 < .001
No, planned 0.28 .596
Yes 17.63 < .001

West

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 2.28 .131
No, didn’t know how 0.75 .387
No, not available 5.14 .023
No, planned 1.39 .238
Yes 19.33 < .001

Northeast

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 7.03 .008
No, didn’t know how 0.22 .641
No, not available 14.42 < .001
No, planned 5.97 .015
Yes 0.02 .896

Midwest

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 1.35 .245
No, didn’t know how 6.99 .008
No, not available 2.71 .100
No, planned 0.04 .838
Yes 0.04 .846

Black/African American

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 1.28 .257
No, didn’t know how 1.70 .192
No, not available 28.74 < .001
No, planned 15.48 < .001
Yes 8.78 .003

LatinX

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 0.48 .489
No, didn’t know how 1.10 .293
No, not available 52.38 < .001
No, planned 48.27 < .001
Yes 2.20 .138

Low income

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 0.45 .501
No, didn’t know how 10.81 .001
No, not available 517.05 < .001
No, planned 192.22 < .001
Yes 110.44 < .001
free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 0.45 .501
No, didn’t know how 10.81 .001
No, not available 517.05 < .001
No, planned 192.22 < .001
Yes 110.44 < .001

Income by Employment

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 6.13 .106
No, didn’t know how 14.04 .003
No, not available 538.87 < .001
No, planned 210.56 < .001
Yes 112.38 < .001

Income by Black/African American

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 4.79 .188
No, didn’t know how 20.14 < .001
No, not available 521.62 < .001
No, planned 198.36 < .001
Yes 114.36 < .001

Income by Latinx

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 1.01 .799
No, didn’t know how 15.16 .002
No, not available 537.59 < .001
No, planned 221.37 < .001
Yes 113.14 < .001

Income by South

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 1.01 .799
No, didn’t know how 15.16 .002
No, not available 537.59 < .001
No, planned 221.37 < .001
Yes 113.14 < .001

Paying for basics

In the past month, how hard has it been for you to pay for the very basics like food, housing, medical care, and heating?

Options:

  • Very hard \((N = 543)\)
  • Hard \((N = 799)\)
  • Somewhat hard \((N = )\)
  • Not very hard \((N = 4145)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 25.72 < .001
Somewhat hard 10.66 .001
Hard 2.03 .154
Very hard 5.67 .017

West

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 8.58 .003
Somewhat hard 3.28 .070
Hard 0.51 .476
Very hard 11.46 .001

Northeast

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 5.61 .018
Somewhat hard 2.67 .102
Hard 0.06 .811
Very hard 1.84 .175

Midwest

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 0.34 .562
Somewhat hard 0.11 .741
Hard 4.56 .033
Very hard 3.98 .046

Black/African American

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 37.18 < .001
Somewhat hard 7.56 .006
Hard 4.51 .034
Very hard 18.54 < .001

LatinX

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 67.94 < .001
Somewhat hard 22.89 < .001
Hard 23.69 < .001
Very hard 3.06 .080

Low income

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 887.18 < .001
Somewhat hard 191.84 < .001
Hard 205.46 < .001
Very hard 280.49 < .001

Income by Employment

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 1007.04 < .001
Somewhat hard 222.63 < .001
Hard 234.71 < .001
Very hard 350.63 < .001

Income by Black/African American

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 907.88 < .001
Somewhat hard 197.22 < .001
Hard 219.00 < .001
Very hard 287.23 < .001

Income by Latinx

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 921.96 < .001
Somewhat hard 201.70 < .001
Hard 225.80 < .001
Very hard 284.74 < .001

Income by South

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 921.96 < .001
Somewhat hard 201.70 < .001
Hard 225.80 < .001
Very hard 284.74 < .001

Which needs

Which of these needs have been hard to pay for in the past month? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

  • Food \((N = 1593)\)
  • Housing \((N = 1732)\)
  • Utilities (electric, water, trash) \((N = )\)
  • Healthcare \((N = 766)\)
  • Social \((N = 752)\)
  • Emotional \((N = 828)\)
  • Childcare \((N = 688)\)
  • Other \((N = 218)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key statistic p.value
Food 2.83 .093
House 9.61 .002
Utilities 22.98 < .001
Healthcare 17.47 < .001
Social 1.38 .239
Emotional 0.01 .917
Childcare 5.15 .023
Other 0.39 .534

West

key statistic p.value
Food 1.98 .160
House 0.84 .359
Utilities 16.06 < .001
Healthcare 0.93 .334
Social 0.25 .618
Emotional 0.60 .438
Childcare 0.09 .767
Other 0.22 .641

Northeast

key statistic p.value
Food 5.64 .018
House 1.76 .184
Utilities 2.35 .125
Healthcare 15.09 < .001
Social 0.75 .388
Emotional 0.14 .710
Childcare 2.51 .113
Other 0.04 .847

Midwest

key statistic p.value
Food 2.58 .108
House 1.77 .183
Utilities 0.01 .938
Healthcare 0.07 .786
Social 1.21 .272
Emotional 1.01 .314
Childcare 0.62 .430
Other 0.00 > .999

Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Food 15.77 < .001
House 11.11 .001
Utilities 17.33 < .001
Healthcare 0.36 .550
Social 4.60 .032
Emotional 0.86 .353
Childcare 16.67 < .001
Other 0.28 .593

LatinX

key statistic p.value
Food 33.06 < .001
House 43.15 < .001
Utilities 43.42 < .001
Healthcare 8.99 .003
Social 0.00 .972
Emotional 0.58 .447
Childcare 3.24 .072
Other 0.00 .963

Low income

key statistic p.value
Food 266.14 < .001
House 430.69 < .001
Utilities 743.77 < .001
Healthcare 9.03 .003
Social 131.73 < .001
Emotional 159.06 < .001
Childcare 40.36 < .001
Other 59.44 < .001

Income by Employment

key statistic p.value
Food 317.24 < .001
House 525.62 < .001
Utilities 872.65 < .001
Healthcare 40.66 < .001
Social 151.08 < .001
Emotional 193.48 < .001
Childcare 41.54 < .001
Other 67.82 < .001

Income by Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Food 279.00 < .001
House 435.88 < .001
Utilities 764.57 < .001
Healthcare 13.52 .004
Social 148.92 < .001
Emotional 166.56 < .001
Childcare 54.55 < .001
Other 61.27 < .001

Income by LatinX

key statistic p.value
Food 287.61 < .001
House 450.97 < .001
Utilities 760.13 < .001
Healthcare 20.65 < .001
Social 143.39 < .001
Emotional 181.91 < .001
Childcare 50.97 < .001
Other 60.84 < .001

Income by South

key statistic p.value
Food 281.64 < .001
House 442.93 < .001
Utilities 750.81 < .001
Healthcare 26.96 < .001
Social 142.20 < .001
Emotional 161.60 < .001
Childcare 44.89 < .001
Other 62.74 < .001

Material hardship

This variables was calculated by adding up the number of needs selected for the following question: Which of these needs have been hard to pay for in the past month? [Select all that apply.]

  • 0 \((N = 4230)\)
  • 1 \((N = 698)\)
  • 2 \((N = 919)\)
  • 3 \((N = 766)\)
  • 4 \((N = 431)\)
  • 5 \((N = 221)\)
  • 6 \((N = 102)\)
  • 7 \((N = 56)\)
  • 8 \((N = 4)\)

Material hardship censored at 6, given small sample sizes.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 25.07 < .001
1 3.67 .055
2 10.73 .001
3 2.34 .126
4 0.66 .418
5 0.00 > .999
6 1.01 .314

West

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 9.19 .002
1 1.37 .242
2 5.06 .025
3 0.52 .469
4 0.00 > .999
5 0.01 .938
6 1.46 .227

Northeast

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 5.64 .018
1 0.55 .458
2 3.92 .048
3 0.99 .320
4 3.29 .070
5 0.00 > .999
6 0.00 .997

Midwest

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 0.16 .693
1 2.50 .114
2 0.12 .728
3 0.00 .978
4 0.40 .528
5 0.00 > .999
6 0.00 > .999

Black/African American

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 34.19 < .001
1 25.41 < .001
2 7.58 .006
3 0.96 .327
4 0.91 .341
5 0.51 .477
6 0.16 .691

LatinX

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 68.66 < .001
1 28.12 < .001
2 16.28 < .001
3 3.93 .047
4 1.02 .312
5 0.20 .651
6 2.67 .102

Low income

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 857.82 < .001
1 90.81 < .001
2 206.12 < .001
3 123.68 < .001
4 95.86 < .001
5 15.25 < .001
6 21.69 < .001

Income by Employment

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 975.59 < .001
1 97.37 < .001
2 256.27 < .001
3 143.39 < .001
4 101.87 < .001
5 30.52 < .001
6 27.80 < .001

Income by Black/African American

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 877.03 < .001
1 102.12 < .001
2 208.75 < .001
3 128.49 < .001
4 100.32 < .001
5 18.43 < .001
6 23.77 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, High Income 0.010
Non-black, High Income Black, Low Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, Low Income 0.109
Non-black, Low Income Non-black, High Income 0.000

Income by Latinx

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 893.39 < .001
1 110.09 < .001
2 213.93 < .001
3 124.21 < .001
4 103.28 < .001
5 18.14 < .001
6 28.24 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Latinx, Low Income Latinx, High Income 0.00
Non-Latinx, High Income Latinx, High Income 0.00
Non-Latinx, High Income Latinx, Low Income 0.00
Non-Latinx, Low Income Latinx, High Income 0.00
Non-Latinx, Low Income Latinx, Low Income 0.42
Non-Latinx, Low Income Non-Latinx, High Income 0.00

Income by South

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 893.39 < .001
1 110.09 < .001
2 213.93 < .001
3 124.21 < .001
4 103.28 < .001
5 18.14 < .001
6 28.24 < .001

Material hardship dichotomized

For these analyses, we censor responses at 1 (creating a 1+ category).

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 25.07 < .001
1+ 25.07 < .001

West

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 9.19 .002
1+ 9.19 .002

Northeast

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 5.64 .018
1+ 5.64 .018

Midwest

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 0.16 .693
1+ 0.16 .693

Black/African American

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 34.19 < .001
1+ 34.19 < .001

LatinX

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 68.66 < .001
1+ 68.66 < .001

Low income

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 857.82 < .001
1+ 857.82 < .001

Income by Employment

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 975.59 < .001
1+ 975.59 < .001

Income by Black/African American

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 877.03 < .001
1+ 877.03 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, Low Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, Low Income 0.468
Non-black, Low Income Non-black, High Income 0.000

Income by Latinx

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 893.39 < .001
1+ 893.39 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Latinx, Low Income Latinx, High Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income Latinx, High Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income Latinx, Low Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income Latinx, High Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income Latinx, Low Income 0.231
Non-Latinx, Low Income Non-Latinx, High Income 0.000

Income by South

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 893.39 < .001
1+ 893.39 < .001